Cytotoxicity and Antiviral Activities of Haplophyllum tuberculatum Essential Oils, Pure Compounds, and Their Combinations against Coxsackievirus B3 and B4

Abstract Haplophyllum tuberculatum is a plant commonly used in folk medicine to treat several diseases including vomiting, nausea, infections, rheumatism, and gastric pains. In the current study, H. essential oils, hydrosols, pure compounds R-(+)-limonene, S-(−)-limonene, 1-octanol, as well their combinations R-(+)-limonene/1-octanol S-(−)-limonene/1-octanol, were screened for cytotoxicity on HEp-2 cells after 24, 48, 72 h, then tested activity against Coxsackievirus B3 B4 (CV-B3 CV-B4) at 3 different moments: addition of before, after, or together with virus inoculation. Results showed that samples more cytotoxic h than 24 48 cell contact. However, S-(−)-limonene/1-octanol less effect R-(+)-limonene S-(−)-limonene h. 1-octanol exhibited highest concentration causing 50% (CC50) (CC50 = 93 µg/mL) 83 µg/mL). The antiviral assays potent inhibition CV-B. IC50 values ranged from 0.66 µg/mL 28.4 µg/mL. addition, CV-B3 was sensitive CV-B4. Both CV-B strains are inhibited when pretreated compounds. hydrosols have no effect, neither nor virus. S-(−), had important selectivity indexes over time. Although oils activity, they can be considered application pretreatment cells. within safety limits, thus, an active natural agent CV-B4 inhibition.